| Physician characteristics |
| Sex |
| Female | 18 (23.1%) | 36 (27.3%) | 54 (25.7%) | 0.501 |
| Male | 60 (76.9%) | 96 (72.3%) | 156 (74.3%) |
| Age (mean ± SD) | 55.7 ± 10.1 | 53.7 ± 11.1 | 54.4 ± 10.8 | 0.204 |
| Years practicing (mean ± SD) | 28.9 ± 10.9 | 27.1 ± 11.9 | 28 (20–36) | 0.284 |
| Medical graduate location |
| Foreign graduate | 16 (20.5%) | 11 (8.3%) | 27 (12.9%) | 0.01 |
| Canadian graduate | 62 (79.5%) | 121 (91.7%) | 183 (87.1%) |
| Number of LTC residents per month (mean ± SD) | 59.7 ± 55.4 | 63.8 ± 54.1 | 62.3 ± 54.5 | 0.602 |
| Number of LTC billings per month (mean ± SD) | 138.8 ± 195.7 | 109.8 ± 114.6 | 120.6 ± 150.1 | 0.176 |
| Percent of total billings in month in LTC (mean ± SD) | 20.2 ± 23.6 | 25.4 ± 29.8 | 23.4 ± 27.7 | 0.191 |
| Nursing home characteristics |
| Number of beds in primary LTC home (mean ± SD) | 169.2 ± 102.1 | 160.9 ± 77.6 | 164.0 ± 87.4 | 0.503 |
| Setting of primary LTC home |
| Urban | 69 (88.5%) | 108 (81.8%) | 177 (84.3%) | 0.201 |
| Rural | 9 (11.5%) | 24 (18.2%) | 33 (15.7%) |
| Ownership status of primary LTC home |
| Non-profit | 38 (48.7%) | 67 (50.8%) | 105 (50.0%) | 0.775 |
| Profit | 40 (51.3%) | 65 (49.2%) | 105 (50.0%) |
| Resident characteristics | n = 8758 | n = 15,427 | n = 24,185 |
| Sex |
| Female | 6144 (70.2%) | 10,632 (68.9%) | 16,776 (69.4%) | 0.045 |
| Male | 2614 (29.8%) | 4795 (31.1%) | 7409 (30.6%) |
| Age (mean ± SD) | 85.8 ± 7.5 | 85.3 ± 7.5 | 85.5 ± 7.5 | < .001 |
| Time in LTC (cat.) |
| < 1 year | 4502 (51.4%) | 7721 (50.0%) | 12,223 (50.5%) | 0.082 |
| 1–4 years | 3070 (35.1%) | 5455 (35.4%) | 8525 (35.2%) |
| 5–9 years | 1001 (11.4%) | 1887 (12.2%) | 2888 (11.9%) |
| 10+ years | 185 (2.1%) | 364 (2.4%) | 549 (2.3%) |
| Charlson comorbidity score (mean ± SD) | 1.2 ± 1.7 | 1.2 ± 1.6 | 1.2 ± 1.7 | 0.041 |
| Diabetes* | 2280 (26.0%) | 3964 (25.7%) | 6244 (25.8%) | 0.564 |
| Hypertension* | 5775 (65.9%) | 9917 (64.3%) | 15,692 (64.9%) | 0.01 |
| Arteriosclerotic heart disease* | 1238 (14.1%) | 2197 (14.2%) | 3435 (14.2%) | 0.821 |
| Congestive heart failure* | 1132 (12.9%) | 1776 (11.5%) | 2908 (12.0%) | 0.001 |
| Peripheral vascular disease* | 526 (6.0%) | 893 (5.8%) | 1419 (5.9%) | 0.489 |
| Deep vein thrombosis* | 113 (1.3%) | 171 (1.1%) | 284 (1.2%) | 0.207 |
| Cardiac dysrhythmia* | 692 (7.9%) | 1091 (7.1%) | 1783 (7.4%) | 0.018 |
| Alzheimer’s or dementia* | 15,965 (66.0%) | 5685 (64.9%) | 10,280 (66.6%) | 0.007 |
| Cancer* | 822 (9.4%) | 1276 (8.3%) | 2098 (8.7%) | 0.003 |
| Obstructive airway disease* | 1583 (18.1%) | 2651 (17.2%) | 4234 (17.5%) | 0.08 |
| Depression* | 2556 (29.2%) | 4231 (27.4%) | 6787 (28.1%) | 0.003 |
| Psychosis* | 431 (4.9%) | 795 (5.2%) | 1226 (5.1%) | 0.429 |
| Arthritis* | 139 (1.6%) | 204 (1.3%) | 343 (1.4%) | 0.094 |
| Parkinson’s disease* | 665 (7.6%) | 1065 (6.9%) | 1730 (7.2%) | 0.046 |
| Level of function* (activities of daily living) (mean ± SD) | 15.8 ± 7.3 | 15.6 ± 7.5 | 15.7 ± 7.4 | 0.039 |
| Pain score* (mean ± SD) | 0.5 ± 0.8 | 0.5 ± 0.7 | 0.5 ± 0.8 | < .001 |
| Depression rating score* (mean ± SD) | 1.9 ± 2.3 | 1.9 ± 2.2 | 1.9 ± 2.3 | 0.143 |
| Likelihood of falls scale* |
| Low risk of falls | 7137 (81.5%) | 12,618 (81.8%) | 19,755 (81.7%) | 0.562 |
| Medium/high risk of falls | 1621 (18.5%) | 2809 (18.2%) | 4430 (18.3%) |
| Aggressive behavior scale* (mean ± SD) | 1.4 ± 2.2 | 1.4 ± 2.2 | 1.4 ± 2.2 | 0.18 |
| Frailty index* |
| Robust (score ≤ 0.2) | 1550 (17.7%) | 2894 (18.8%) | 4444 (18.4%) | 0.112 |
| Pre-Frail (score = 0.2 to 0.3) | 2964 (33.8%) | 5192 (33.7%) | 8156 (33.7%) |
| Frail (score ≥ 0.3) | 4244 (48.5%) | 7341 (47.6%) | 11,585 (47.9%) |
| ER visits in past year | 4945 (56.5%) | 8475 (54.9%) | 13,420 (55.5%) | 0.022 |
| Any inpatient hospitalization | 3403 (38.9%) | 5749 (37.3%) | 9152 (37.8%) | 0.014 |
| Any psychiatric consult in past year | 1435 (16.4%) | 2241 (14.5%) | 3676 (15.2%) | < .001 |
| Any geriatric consult in past year | 1218 (13.9%) | 2060 (13.4%) | 3278 (13.6%) | 0.226 |
| Any antipsychotic use | 2663 (30.4%) | 4792 (31.1%) | 7455 (30.8%) | 0.288 |
| Any statin use | 1796 (20.5%) | 3154 (20.4%) | 4950 (20.5%) | 0.908 |
| Any benzodiazepine use | 1077 (12.3%) | 1936 (12.5%) | 3013 (12.5%) | 0.568 |
